Core EM - by Anand Swaminathan
"Definition: Increased pressure within a closed space that compromises circulation and, thus, function of the tissues (i.e. muscle, nerve, bone) within the space. Sequelae include neurological deficit, Volkmann’s contracture, limb amputation and crush syndrome...
Take Home Points
- Compartment syndrome is a life and limb threatening emergency that requires early recognition, prompt diagnosis and immediate management with fasciotomy
- While clinical evaluation is flawed, pain out of proportion to injury and pain with passive stretch of muscles within the compartment are the best screening tools.
- Do not wait for the development of pallor, absence of pulse or paralysis to consult surgery. These are late findings that may only arise once the limb is non-salvageable.
- In unconscious patients, there should be a low threshold to measure compartment pressure in patients who are at risk as clinical signs cannot be evaluated
- When measuring compartment pressures, look for an absolute pressure > 30 mm Hg and perfusion pressure (DBP – compartment pressure) of < 30 mm Hg. All patients with a clinical suspicion and normal pressures should have repeat pressures measured."
http://coreem.net/core/compartment-syndrome/