By Roberts, James R - Emergency Medicine News 2018; 40 (8): 18–19
doi: 10.1097/01.EEM.0000544438.37322.8f
"Kidney infections are not the most interesting or challenging cases in the ED, but they are omnipresent and require the correct diagnosis and treatment. Pyelonephritis can quickly lead to sepsis or septic shock, and the causes and ramifications are varied. A significant medical problem arises once a simple urinary tract infection progresses to the kidney.
A recent article in the New England Journal of Medicine presented a case history and an erudite discussion of acute pyelonephritis in adults. I will discuss only garden-variety, uncomplicated pyelonephritis in the previously healthy adult, but this infection is also present in more complicated patients, such as those with immunocompromise, transplant, and hardware in the urinary tract..."